Identify any commonalities and variances among the case study metropolitan areas in terms of causes, adverse impacts, unexpected problems in recovery, or effective mitigation strategies, as well as key themes of urban flooding 2. With mounting costs, Congress and FEMA recognize that the causes and consequences of urban flooding need focused examination.Īt the request of FEMA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine appointed a committee to hold workshops to gain an initial understanding of the causes and impacts of urban flooding in three to eight metropolitan areas, and to use that information to address three tasks: 1. ![]() urban areas, the social and economic impacts of urban flooding can be particularly severe. In addition, with about 280 million people living in U.S. Impacts can be highly localized due to small-scale differences in topography, storm characteristics, storm water management infrastructure, and building design. Within cities, however, flood damage can occur anywhere, not just in floodplains along rivers and coasts. FEMA's flood hazard analysis and mapping focus on inundation from riverine and coastal flooding. It carries out these functions by analyzing and mapping flood hazard, providing federal flood insurance, and disbursing grants and loans to individuals and businesses after presidentially declared flood disasters. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) helps communities with flood preparation, mitigation, response, and recovery. These figures do not include the cumulative costs of frequent, small floods, which can be similar to those of infrequent extreme floods. Major freshwater flood events from 2004 to 2014 cost an average of $9 billion in direct damage and 71 lives annually. Flooding takes a heavy toll even in years without a named storm or event. Catastrophic flooding from recent hurricanes, including Superstorm Sandy in New York (2012) and Hurricane Harvey in Houston (2017), caused billions of dollars in property damage, adversely affected millions of people, and damaged the economic well-being of major metropolitan areas. Flooding is the natural hazard with the greatest economic and social impact in the United States, and these impacts are becoming more severe over time.
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